Monday 28 April 2014 14.46 The United States has imposed sanctions on seven Russian officials and 17 firms linked to President Vladimir Putin's inner circle to punish what it said were "provocative acts" in Ukraine.
Washington is also tightening licensing requirements for certain high-tech exports to Russia that could have a military use, the White House announced in a statement.
Russia has vowed to deliver a "painful" response to the fresh sanctions.
"We will, of course, respond," Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov told the Interfax news agency.
"We are certain that this response will have a painful effect on Washington."
"The United States has taken further action today in response to Russia's continued illegal intervention in Ukraine and provocative acts that undermine Ukraine's democracy and threaten its peace, security, stability, sovereignty, and territorial integrity," said White House spokesman Jay Carney.
He said Russia had done nothing to meet the terms of a deal agreed in Geneva with Ukraine, the European Union and the US and designed to rein in pro-Moscow separatists in eastern Ukraine.
"Russia's involvement in the recent violence in eastern Ukraine is indisputable," he said.
The sanctions follow up on previously announced measures targeting other members of Mr Putin's political and inner circle and a Russian bank.
They do not, however, specifically target sectors of the Russian economy, such as energy and mining.
The White House said those measures would only be imposed by the US and its European allies if Russia actually invades Ukraine.
The companies sanctioned include Avia Group limited, the Severny Morsoy Bank, InvestCapital Bank, Transoil, Volga Resources Group, SMP Bank, Sobin Bank and Zest Leasing.
Individuals hit with visa bans and asset freezes include Oleg Belavantsev, who was named presidential envoy to Crimea by Mr Putin in March.
Sergei Chemezov, director general of Rostec, the state development manufacturing and export programme for high-tech exports, is also on the list.
The US Treasury said Mr Chemezov is a trusted aide to Mr Putin.
Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak is hit by sanctions, along with Evgeniy Murov, director of Russia's Federal Protective Service.
State Duma Deputy Aleksei Pushkov is among those named along with Igor Sechin, president and chairman of the Management Board for Rosneft, Russia's top petroleum company and one of the world's largest publicly-traded oil companies.
"Sechin has shown utter loyalty to Vladimir Putin - a key component to his current standing," the Treasury said.
The leaders of the G7 nations agreed on Saturday to swiftly impose further sanctions on Russia over the Ukraine crisis.
The European Union is also expected to announce sanctions as early as today targeting individuals and companies.
US President Barack Obama said the new sanctions represent a calibrated effort to change Russia's behaviour in the crisis, but he conceded that he is not sure they will work.
He said Russia has a path for the peaceful resolution of the crisis, but so far it has not chosen to move in that direction.
Meanwhile, heavily armed pro-Russian gunmen have seized the town of Kostyantynivka in eastern Ukraine.
They have set up barricades in the town, which is located between Slaviansk and Donetsk.
There are also reports that a pro-Russian mayor of the town of Kharkiv has been wounded by gunfire.
Pro-Russian rebels have already proclaimed an independent "people's republic" in Donetsk.
Armed fighters yesterday seized the headquarters of regional television and ordered it to start broadcasting a Russian state television channel.
Rebels seized eight OSCE monitors three days ago. They have been holding them at a heavily fortified base in Slaviansk.
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